Ataxia de Friedreich, revisión y actualización de la literatura con búsqueda sistemática de casos en Latinoamérica / Friedreich's ataxia, review and literature update with a systematic search for cases in Latin America

La Ataxia de Friedreich (AF) es una enfermedad neurodegenerativa autosómica recesiva con compromiso multisistémico. En esta revisión, se actualizan aspectos epidemiológicos, fisiopatológicos y clínico-terapéuticos y se conduce una búsqueda sistemática de casos de AF reportados en Latinoamérica. La prevalencia de AF en poblaciones caucásicas es estimada entre 2 y 5 casos por 100 000 habitantes. En Latinoamérica se han publicado 35 estudios que reúnen 1481 casos en 6 países. Causada por la expansión anormal de repeticiones GAA en el gen FXN, la etiopatogenia está asociada a una reducción en los niveles de la proteína frataxina (que altera el metabolismo energético) y el acúmulo de hierro mitocondrial. El fenotipo clásico de AF suele comenzar antes de los 25 años, aunque hay otros de inicio tardío y retención de reflejos. La sintomatología se caracteriza por ataxia progresiva, alteración sensitiva, arreflexia, disartria, y alteraciones oculomotoras, además de compromiso cardiaco, endocrino y musculoesquelético. El diagnóstico requiere evaluación neurológica detallada, estudios neurofisiológicos, neuroimágenes y pruebas bioquímicas pero el enfoque determinante es el estudio genético que demuestre variantes genéticas bialélicas en el gen FXN. El manejo es multidisciplinario, orientado a aminorar los síntomas, prevenir complicaciones y brindar asesoramiento genético apropiado. Recientemente se ha aprobado el primer tratamiento farmacológico para AF con varios más en fases de experimentación.

SUMMARY Friedreich Ataxia (FA) is an autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disease with multisystemic involvement. This update of epidemiological, pathophysiological, and clinico-therapeutic aspects of FA, includes a systematic review of cases in Latin America. The estimated FA prevalence in Caucasian populations is between 2 to 5 cases per 100 000. In Latin America, 1481 cases have been published in 35 articles from six different countries. Caused by an abnormally repeated expansion of GAA trinucleotide inside the FXN gene, FA's etiopathogenesis is associated with reduced levels of the frataxin protein, which disturb the energy metabolism and result in mitochondrial iron accumulation. The classic phenotype usually shows symptoms before the age of 25, although there are others with a later onset. The main symptoms of AF are progressive ataxia, sensory disturbances, areflexia, dysarthria, and oculomotor alterations, in addition to cardiac, endocrine, and musculoskeletal compromise. Diagnostic workup requires a detailed neurological examination, neuroconduction studies, neuroimaging, and biochemical tests. The definitive diagnosis is provided by genetic testing showing biallelic variants within the FXN gene. The management is multidisciplinary, aimed at reducing symptoms, preventing complications, and providing an appropriate genetic counseling. Recently, the first pharmacological treatment for AF has been approved, with several others in clinical assessment trials.

Clinical and genetic analysis of a patient with autosomal recessive congenital ichthyosis due to compound heterozygous variants of ALOX12B gene / 中华医学遗传学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To explore the clinical and genetic characteristics of a pediatric patient suspected for Autosomal Recessive Congenital Ichthyosis (ARCI).@*METHODS@#Clinical data of the patient was analyzed. Peripheral blood samples were collected from the patient and his parents for the extraction of genomic DNA. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) was then carried out. Candidate variants were confirmed by Sanger sequencing. A variety of bioinformatic tools including Mutation Taster, PROVEAN, and PolyPhen2 were used to predict the pathogenicity of the variants based on guidelines from the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics (ACMG).@*RESULTS@#The patient, a 1-month-and-7-day-old male, had presented with cutaneous erythema and fine scaling of the whole body. NGS revealed that he has harbored compound heterozygous variants c.1579G>A (p.Val527Met) (paternal) and c.923T>C (p.Leu308Pro) (maternal) of the ALOX12B gene. The former was known to be likely pathogenic, while the latter was unreported previously and categorized as "likely pathogenic" based on the ACMG guidelines. Based on the clinical and genetic findings, the patient was diagnosed with ARCI.@*CONCLUSION@#The c.1579G>A and c.923T>C variants of the ALOX12B genes probably underlay the ARCI in this patient. Above finding has enriched the spectrum of ALOX12B mutations and enabled molecular diagnosis of the patient, based on which genetic counseling and prenatal diagnosis may be provided.

Genetic analysis of a child with recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa due to compound heterozygous variants of (COL7A1 gene / 中华医学遗传学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To carry out genetic testing and prenatal diagnosis for a family affected with recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa (RDEB).@*METHODS@#All exons of the COL7A1 gene and their flanking regions were subjected to PCR and Sanger sequencing. Suspected variant was validated in family members, based on which prenatal diagnosis was provided.@*RESULTS@#Sanger sequencing found that the proband has carried two variants of the COL7A1 gene, namely c.7289delC (p.Pro2430Glnfs*36) and c.7474C>T (p.Arg2492*), which were respectively derived from his mother and father. The same variants were not found among 100 healthy controls. By prenatal diagnosis, the fetus was found to have inherited the c.7474C>T (p.Arg2492*) variant from its father.@*CONCLUSION@#The pathogenic variants of the COL7A1 gene of the RDEB family were clarified, based on which prenatal diagnosis was provided.

Analysis of SACS mutation in a family affected with autosomal recessive spastic ataxia of Charlevoix-Saguenay / 中华医学遗传学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To carry out mutation analysis for a Chinese family affected with autosomal recessive spastic ataxia of Charlevoix-Saguenay (ARSACS).@*METHODS@#Whole exome sequencing (WES) was used to screen potential mutations within genomic DNA extracted from the proband. Suspected mutation was validated by combining clinical data and results of Sanger sequencing.@*RESULTS@#A homozygous deletional mutation c.3665_3675delGTGCTGTCTTA (p.S1222fs) was found in the proband, for which her parents were both heterozygous carriers.@*CONCLUSION@#WES is capable of detecting mutation underlying this disorder and facilitating genetic counseling and prenatal diagnosis for the affected family. A novel pathogenic mutation of the SACS gene was discovered.

Wilson Disease Comorbid with Hereditary Sensory Autonomic Neuropathy Type IV and Gitelman Syndrome / 대한소아소화기영양학회지

Wilson disease a rare autosomal recessive inherited disorder of copper metabolism, is characterized by excessive deposition of copper in the liver, brain, and other tissues. Wilson disease is often fatal if it is not recognized early and treated when it is symptomatic. Gitelman syndrome is also an autosomal recessive kidney disorder characterized by low blood levels of potassium and magnesium, decreased excretion of calcium in the urine, and elevated blood pH. Hereditary sensory autonomic neuropathy type IV (HSAN-IV), a very rare condition that presents in infancy, is characterized by anhidrosis, absence of pain sensation, and self-mutilation. It is usually accompanied by developmental delay and mental retardation. We report a case of Wilson disease manifested as fulminant hepatitis, acute pancreatitis, and acute kidney injury in a 15-year-old boy comorbid with HSAN-IV and Gitelman syndrome. Such concurrence of three genetic diseases is an extremely rare case.

Variante patogénica homocigótica del gen BBS10 en un paciente con síndrome de Bardet-Biedl / A pathogenic homozygous variant of the BBS10 gene in a patient with Bardet Biedl syndrome

Resumen El síndrome de Bardet-Biedl es una enfermedad hereditaria, autosómica recesiva, con gran heterogeneidad de locus, que pertenece a las denominadas ciliopatías, denominadas así por la deficiencia funcional presente y porque las proteínas afectadas se localizan en el cilio primario. El síndrome afecta múltiples sistemas, con compromiso visual, renal, cognitivo, esquelético y gonadal, y obesidad. Este síndrome presenta una gran variabilidad intrafamiliar e interfamiliar. Se presenta el caso clínico de un paciente adolescente con diagnóstico de síndrome de Bardet-Biedl, así como su manejo, los resultados de la secuenciación de 22 genes y el análisis actualizado de la literatura médica. Se recopiló la información clínica y, previo consentimiento informado, se hizo la prueba de panel de secuenciación multigénica de los genes implicados. El paciente es hijo de la unión de personas consanguíneas. Fue el primer afectado en la familia y presentaba polidactilia posaxial, obesidad, micropene, retinitis pigmentaria y dificultades de aprendizaje. En el panel multigénico, se identificó la variante patogénica homocigótica c.39_46del en el gen BBS10 y otras variantes de genes BBS asociadas con la obesidad. Dado que el síndrome de Bardet-Biedl es una enfermedad huérfana rara, interpretar el pleiotropismo y la heterogeneidad de locus y de alelos, constituye un reto. La confirmación molecular permite el manejo adecuado de los pacientes, así como el seguimiento y el asesoramiento genético apropiados.

Abstract The Bardet-Biedl syndrome is an autosomal recessive hereditary disorder with vast locus heterogeneity that belongs to the so-called ciliopathies, whose proteins are localized in the primary cilia and present functional deficiency. The multisystemic features of the disease include ocular, renal, cognitive, skeletal, as well as gonadal involvement and obesity, among others, with high inter- and intrafamilial variability. We describe the clinical case of an adolescent male patient with Bardet-Biedl syndrome, including the approach, the results from a 22-gene sequencing panel, and the analysis of updated scientific literature. We collected the clinical data of the patient and, after obtaining the informed consent, we conducted a multigenic sequencing panel oriented to known implicated genes. The patient was born to consanguineous parents and was the first affected member of the family. He presented with postaxial polydactyly, obesity, micropenis, retinitis pigmentosa, and learning disability. The multigenic panel allowed the identification of the homozygous pathogenic variant c.39_46del in the BBS10 gene and in other BBS genes variants associated with obesity. As the Bardet-Biedl syndrome is a rare disease, it is challenging to interpret its pleiotropism and gene/allelic heterogeneity. Its confirmation by molecular tests allows an adequate approach, follow-up, and genetic counseling of the patient and the family.

Phenotypic expression variability in Best Disease: a purpose of a series of cases / Variabilidade de expressão Fenotípica na Doença de Best: a propósito de uma série de casos

Abstract The objective of the following work is to document the phenotypic expression variability in Best Disease in first-degree relatives. The information was collected by assessing medical notes, interviewing the patient and obtaining photographic record of the diagnostic methods to which the patient was submitted. Data was analyzed along with a thorough review of the literature. A series of cases were reported in which the patient presenting the phenotypic characteristics of the disease has first degree relatives without ophthalmic findings during examination, but present an abnormal pattern on the electro-oculogram (EOG). Our article reveals the importance of electrophysiological exams in the diagnosis of Best vitelliform macular dystrophy, including the prevention of its clinical manifestation (autosomal dominant), providing concrete subsidies for genetic counseling.

Resumo O objetivo do presente trabalho é a documentação da variabilidade de expressão fenotípica da Doença de Best em parentes de primeiro grau. As informações foram obtidas por meio de revisão do prontuário, entrevista com o paciente e registro fotográfico dos métodos diagnósticos aos quais os pacientes foram submetidos. Dados foram analisados junto a uma extensa revisão da literatura. Relatamos uma série de casos, no qual o paciente que apresenta as alterações fenotípicas da doença tem familiares de primeiro grau sem alterações ao exame oftalmológico, porém os mesmos apresentam padrão anormal de eletro-oculograma (EOG). O nosso artigo revela a importância dos exames eletrofisiológicos no diagnóstico da distrofia macular viteliforme de Best, inclusive no que se refere à prevenção de sua manifestação clínica (autossômica dominante), fornecendo subsídios concretos para o aconselhamento genético.

Hipotiroidismo congénito primario. La importancia del screening neonatal: reporte de un caso / Primary congenital hypothyroidism. The importance of neonatal screening: a case report

El hipotiroidismo congénito es la enfermedad endócrina más frecuente en neonatología y suele transcurrir sin sintomatología clara en ésta etapa de la vida. Es la principal causa de retardo mental tratable cuyo pronóstico radica en el diagnóstico oportuno y tratamiento precoz. El propósito de este artículo es evidenciar cómo situaciones no habituales del comportamiento clínico que despiertan sospecha y el empleo del tamizaje neonatal hacen herramientas eficaces para la detección temprana de ésta patología. De acuerdo con la revisión bibliográfica; además, en este caso, presentamos una situación que debe profundizar el análisis de la etiología ya que la dishormonogénesis es un tipo de hipotiroidismo primario congénito caracterizado por un déficit permanente de hormonas tiroideas que se acompaña de bocio, tiene una transmisión autosómica recesiva y puede requerir confirmación mediante pruebas genéticas.

Congenital hypothyroidism is the most frequent endocrine disease in neonatology and usually occurs without clear symptoms in this stage of life. It is the main cause of treatable mental retardation whose prognosis lies in the timely diagnosis and early initiation of treatment. The purpose of this article is to show that unusual situations of clinical behavior that arouse suspicion and the use of neonatal screening make effective tools for the early detection of this pathology. According to the bibliographic review. Furthermore, in this case, we present a situation that should deepen the analysis of the etiology since the dyshormonogenesis is a type of congenital primary hypothyroidism characterized by a permanent deficit of thyroid hormones that is usually accompanied by goiter, has an autosomal recessive transmission and can require confirmation through genetic tests.

Deficiencia de adhesión leucocitaria en un neonato: caso clínico / Leukocyte adhesion deficiency in a neonate: clinical case

Los síndromes de deficiencia de adhesión leucocitaria (leukocyte adhesion deficiency [LAD por sus siglas en inglés]) engloban un conjunto de patologías causadas por defectos en el reconocimiento, la adhesión y la migración de los leucocitos mieloides hacia los lugares de invasión microbiana, lo que provoca la falta de defensa innata del huésped frente a bacterias, hongos u otros microrganismos. Se identifica en lactantes por antecedentes como la demora en la caída del cordón umbilical cuando los niños empiezan a tener complicaciones infecciosas. No es común identificar LAD en niños recién nacidos, posiblemente la presencia de la fistula ano rectal y el tratamiento quirúrgico aceleran la presentación clínica en el paciente facilitando así su diagnóstico. Por ser una enfermedad autosómica recesiva y teniendo el importante antecedente de los fallecimientos en sus dos hermanos anteriores a mayor edad. Poder contar con mecanismos de diagnóstico efectivos facilitan el llegar a una conclusión pronta, mejor manejo en general mejorando las expectativas de vida de los pacientes con este tipo de alteraciones hematológicas.

The syndromes of leukocyte adhesion deficiency (LAD) encompass a group of pathologies caused by defects in the recognition, adhesion and migration of myeloid leukocytes to microbial invasion sites. Causes the lack of innate host defense against bacteria, fungi or other microorganisms. It is identified in infants due to antecedents such as the delay in the fall of the umbilical cord when children begin to have infectious complications. It is not common to identify HDL in newborn children, possibly the presence of anus rectal fistula and surgical treatment accelerate the clinical presentation in the patient, thus facilitating its diagnosis. For being an autosomal recessive disease and having the important antecedent of the deaths in his two older brothers at older age. Being able to count on effective diagnostic mechanisms makes it easier to arrive at a quick conclusion better management in general, improving the life expectancy of patients with this type of hematological alterations.

Acidúria L2-hidroxiglutárica: circulação do gene em cães da raça Staffordshire Bull Terrier no Brasil em 2008-2015 / L2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria: circulation of the gene in Staffordshire Bull Terrier dogs in Brazil (2008-2015)

O objetivo do trabalho foi identificar a presença no Brasil do gene mutante L2HGDH em cães da raça Staffordshire Bull Terrier (SBT). Para tanto foi feito o teste genético em 76 cães provenientes de diferentes regiões do Brasil, no período de 2008 a 2015, sendo encontrados 55 animais (72,37%) livres do gene mutante L2-HGDH ou homozigotos dominantes, e 21(27,63%) portadores do gene mutante ou heterozigotos. Não foi encontrado nenhum animal homozigoto recessivo (afetado), porém pode-se observar que o gene circula no Brasil e que cães afetados podem aparecer.(AU)

The aim of this study was to identify the presence of a mutation in the L2-hydroxyglutarate dehydrogenase (L2-HGDH) gene in Staffordshire bull terriers in Brazil. Genetic testing was done in 76 dogs from different regions of the country, from 2008 to 2015. Fifty-five dogs (72.37%) were free of the mutant gene L2HGDH or homozygous-dominant, and 21 (27.63%) were carriers for the mutant gene or heterozygous. No homozygous recessive dogs (affected) were found, however, it is worth noting that the gene circulates in Brazil and that affected dogs can appear.(AU)

Features of clinical phenotype and genotype in Alport syndrome: a monocentric study / 中华儿科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To analyze the clinical features and gene mutation of Chinese children with Alport syndrome(AS).</p><p><b>METHOD</b>From May 2011 to May 2014, clinical and pathological information gathered from 25 patients was retrospectively analyzed. COL4A5, COL4A4 and COL4A3 genes were analyzed using next-generation sequencing in these patients, and gene mutations of related family members were identified by Sanger method.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>Of these 25 cases, 19(76%) had X-linked Alport syndromes (XL-AS), 6 had autosomal recessive Alport syndromes (AR-AS). Twenty five patients had an onset of hematuria and proteinuria and in 8 cases the disease was induced by upper respiratory tract infections. Hearing loss was present in 2 of 25 (8%) cases and ocular lesions in 1 of 25 (4%). Renal pathology showed that 16 of them had minimal change disease (MCD), 8 mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis (MsPNG), 1 focal segmental glomerulo-sclerosis (FSGS). Extensive lamination and split of glomerular basement membrane (GBM) dense layers were found in 2 (8%) of 25 patients. Twenty one of 25 patients (84%) showed abnormal renal α-chain distribution. COL4A5, COL4A4 and COL4A3 genes of 25 patients (23 families) were analyzed and 24 pathogenic mutations were identified: 18 in COL4A5, 1 in COL4A3 and 5 in COL4A4. It was observed that 13 patients inherited the mutation from the mother, 3 patients inherited from the father, 2 patients inherited 1 mutation from the mother and another mutation from the father, and 7 patients carried the novel mutations.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>XL is the main inherited type in AS. Most of patients showed MCD and MsPNG in renal biopsy. This research examined 24 mutations and 16 mutations were not reported previously.</p>

Ellis-van Creveld syndrome in adulthood: extending the clinical spectrum

Ellis-van Creveld (EvC) syndrome is a rare autosomal recessive malformation disorder. Cardiac defects are observed in about 50% of EvC cases. Surgical data is lacking on the prognosis and life expectancy of EvC patients. Herein, we report the case of a 38-year-old man with EvC syndrome who underwent two surgical corrections for cardiac anomalies. This report supplements the available information on the clinical course of EvC syndrome in older patients.

Clinical Characteristics and Genotype-Phenotype Correlation of Korean Patients with Spinal and Bulbar Muscular Atrophy

PURPOSE: Spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA) is an X-linked motor neuron disease characterized by proximal muscle weakness, muscle atrophy, and fasciculation. Although SBMA is not uncommon in Korea, there is only one study reporting clinical characteristics and genotype-phenotype correlation in Korean patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this study, age at the onset of symptoms, the score of severity assessed by impairment of activities of daily living milestones, and rate of disease progression, and their correlations with the number of CAG repeats in the androgen receptor (AR) gene, as well as possible correlations among clinical characteristics, were analyzed in 40 SBMA patients. RESULTS: The median ages at onset and at diagnosis were 44.5 and 52.5 years, respectively, and median interval between onset and diagnosis and median rate of disease progression were 5.0 years and 0.23 score/year, respectively. The median number of CAG repeats in the AR gene was 44 and the number of CAG repeats showed a significant inverse correlation with the age at onset of symptoms (r=-0.407, p=0.009). In addition, patients with early symptom onset had slower rate of disease progression. CONCLUSION: As a report with the largest and recent Korean cohort, this study demonstrates clinical features of Korean patients with SBMA and reaffirms the inverse correlation between the age at disease onset and the number of CAG repeats. Interestingly, this study shows a possibility that the rate of disease progression may be influenced by the age at onset of symptoms.

Aplicación de la genética de poblaciones en el ámbito de la medicina / Application of population genetics in the field of medicine

Las poblaciones humanas obedecen a los mismos supuestos evolutivos que el resto de los organismos, aunque mezclados con elementos sociales y culturales que pueden promover la expresión de ciertas enfermedades en grupos étnicos específicos, causadas principalmente por la frecuente endogamia. En este trabajo se analiza el principio de Hardy-Weinberg desde un enfoque médico, social y biológico, para entender los procesos evolutivos que dan lugar a las enfermedades autosómicas recesivas. A manera de conclusión se puede señalar que la incidencia de estas enfermedades está inversamente relacionada con los niveles de la variabilidad genética en las poblaciones, variabilidad que depende de eventos de colonización, recolonización y migración, así como de convenciones sociales como el racismo, la estratificación social y la segregación.

Human populations follow the same evolutionary principles as other organisms, although mixed with social and cultural elements, which can result in a high prevalence of certain diseases within specific ethnic groups. In this work, the Hardy-Weinberg principle is analyzed from a medical, social and biological viewpoint to understand the evolutionary processes of autosomal recessive diseases. It can be concluded that the incidence of these diseases is inversely related to the levels of genetic variability within populations, which depends on colonization, recolonization and migration events, as well as on social conventions such as racism, social stratification and segregation.

Clinical features and management of hereditary spastic paraplegia / Aspectos clinicos e manejo das paraplegias espasticas hereditarias

Hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP) is a group of genetically-determined disorders characterized by progressive spasticity and weakness of lower limbs. An apparently sporadic case of adult-onset spastic paraplegia is a frequent clinical problem and a significant proportion of cases are likely to be of genetic origin. HSP is clinically divided into pure and complicated forms. The later present with a wide range of additional neurological and systemic features. To date, there are up to 60 genetic subtypes described. All modes of monogenic inheritance have been described: autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, X-linked and mitochondrial traits. Recent advances point to abnormal axonal transport as a key mechanism leading to the degeneration of the long motor neuron axons in the central nervous system in HSP. In this review we aim to address recent advances in the field, placing emphasis on key diagnostic features that will help practicing neurologists to identify and manage these conditions.

Paraplegias espásticas hereditárias (PEH) constituem um grupo de desordens geneticamente determinadas caracterizadas por espasticidade e paraparesia de progressão insidiosa. Paraplegia espástica aparentemente esporádica de início no adulto constitui problema frequente na prática neurológica. Evidências recentes sugerem que uma proporção significativa destes casos é geneticamente determinada. O grupo das PEH é dividido clinicamente em formas puras e complicadas de acordo com a concomitância de outras manifestações clinicas e neurológicas. Até o momento 60 tipos genéticos foram identificados. Todos os modos de herança monogênica já foram descritos: autossômica dominante, autossômica recessiva, ligada ao X e mitocondrial. Avanços recentes indicam que alterações do transporte axonal estão implicadas na degeneração dos longos axônios motores no sistema nervoso central na PEH. Nesta revisão abordamos recentes avanços na área com ênfase nos aspectos clínicos chave que ajudam o neurologista geral no diagnóstico e manejo correto deste grupo de doenças.

Distortion-product otoacoustic emissions at ultra-high frequencies in parents of individuals with autosomal recessive hearing loss / Emissões otoacústicas evocadas por produto de distorção em frequências ultra-altas em pais de indivíduos com deficiência auditiva autossômica recessiva

Purpose: To evaluate the cochlear function of parents of individuals with autosomal recessive gene Gap Junction Protein Beta-2 hearing loss by ultra-high frequencies distortion-product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAEs), compared with responses of a control group matched for age and gender. Methods: We studied 56 subjects aged from 20 to 58 years, divided into two groups. The study group comprised 28 parents of hearing-impaired patients due to autosomal recessive inheritance, 14 females aged 20.0-55.0 years (mean 32.8 years) and 14 males aged 20.0-58.0 years (mean 35.2 years). Control group was composed of normal hearing individuals, 14 males and 14 females age-matched to the study group. The subjects underwent tests for audiometry, tympanometry, and DPOAE in the frequency range of 9.000-16.000 Hz. Results: We found 64.3% of normal results of DPOAE in the study group compared to 91.1% in the control. There were significant differences between groups in the ears and DPOAE responses, and the mean level of response was in 10 dBNPS in study group and 14 dBNPS in the control. The Pearson's correlation between age and DPOAE in ultra-high frequencies showed no statistical significance. Conclusion: DPOAE at ultra-high frequencies were able to identify individuals from both groups, suggesting that heterozygous individuals for the Gap Junction Protein Beta-2 gene mutation may have damage to the cochlear function before clinical manifestation in audiometry. .

Objetivo: Avaliar a função coclear em pais de indivíduos com deficiência auditiva de herança autossômica recessiva do gene Gap Junction Bet-2 Protein por meio das emissões otoacústicas evocadas por produto de distorção (EOA-PD) em frequências ultra-altas, comparando com as respostas de um grupo controle, pareadas por gênero e idade. Métodos: Foram avaliados 56 indivíduos, entre 20 a 58 anos de idade, distribuídos em dois grupos. O grupo estudo foi constituído por 28 pais de deficientes auditivos decorrentes de herança autossômica recessiva, sendo 14 mulheres com idade entre 20,0 a 55,0 anos (média 32,8) e 14 homens de 20,0 a 58,0 anos (média 35,2), enquanto o grupo controle era formado por indivíduos sem queixa auditiva, composto por 14 homens e 14 mulheres, com idades pareadas ao grupo estudo. Os indivíduos foram submetidos aos exames de audiometria tonal, imitanciometria e EOA-PD na faixa de frequência de 9.000 a 16.000 Hz. Resultados: Foram observados 64,3% de resultados normais das EOA-PD no grupo estudo em comparação a 91,1% no controle. Houve diferença estatisticamente significante entre as orelhas e grupos nas respostas de EOA-PD, sendo que a média do nível de resposta foi 10 dBNPS no grupo estudo e 14 dBNPS no controle. A correlação de Pearson entre a idade e as EOA-PD em frequências ultra-altas não demonstrou correlação significativa. Conclusão: As EOA-PD em frequências ultra-altas foram capazes de distinguir os indivíduos de ambos os grupos, sugerindo que indivíduos heterozigotos para a mutação do gene GJB2 podem apresentar dano na função coclear antes da manifestação clínica na avaliação audiológica convencional. .

Split-hand/feet malformation in three tamilian families and review of the reports from India.

Split‑hand/foot malformation (SHFM) is a rare condition which can be either syndromic or nonsyndromic. We report three unrelated pedigrees, one with autosomal dominant (AD) inheritance and the other two with autosomal recessive (AR) pattern. We also briefly review the published reports from India.

Lipoid proteinosis in two Indian brothers - a case report from South Bengal

Lipoid proteinosis is a rare autosomal recessive disorder with variable phenotype, caused by defect in extracellular matrix protein-1 and is characterized by deposition of periodic acid-Schiff-positive, diastase resistant material in skin, mucous membrane and internal organs. There are only few reports regarding lipoid proteinosis in literature and in this part of the world. Here, we report a case of lipoid proteinosis in a 29-year-old male with positive family history and widespread distribution involving skin and internal organs. Histopathological finding was consistent with clinical diagnosis of lipoid proteinosis

Analysis of clinical phenotype and genetic mutations of a pedigree of familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis / 中华医学遗传学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To analyze mutations in a pedigree of familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (FHLH) from Sichuan and provide genetic counseling for the family.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Clinical data of a case with FHLH diagnosed at West China Second Hospital was retrospectively analyzed. Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral blood samples of the proband and his family members. Eight candidate genes for primary HLH were amplified with PCR and analyzed by direct sequencing.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The proband was diagnosed as HLH based on clinical manifestations of recurrent fever for 2 months, hepatosplenomegaly, lymphadenopathy, pancytopenia, hyperferritinemia, and decreased fibrinogen and hemophagocytosis in bone marrow. Genetic testing for primary HLH was carried out considering the relapse of illness after hormone therapy for 8 weeks and the family history. The results of gene sequencing showed that the proband has carried compound heterozygous mutations in PRF1 gene (c.1349C> T in exon 3 and c.445G> A in exon 2). His father has carried a heterozygous mutation (c.445G> A in exon 2) and nonsense mutation (c.900C> T in exon 3), and his mother carried a heterozygous mutation (c.1349C> T in exon 3). Both c.1349C> T and c.445G> A have been previously reported as pathogenic mutations.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The family has been diagnosed as familial HLH type 2 based on clinical and laboratory examinations and molecular genetic testing. Gene sequencing has indicated that is was a recessive type familial HLH.</p>

Síndrome de Ellis Van Creveld: caso clínico / Ellis Van Creveld syndrome: case report

El Síndrome de Ellis Van Creveld es poco frecuente, hereditario de carácter autosómico recesivo no habiendo predilección por sexo. Se caracteriza por acortamiento acromesomélico, polidactilia postaxial bilateral de manos, condrodisplasia de huesos largos y displasia ectodérmica de uñas y dientes. El conocimiento de la misma es imperativo para un diagnóstico temprano y manejo multidisciplinario oportuno que permita una mejor calidad de vida de estos pacientes.

The Ellis Van Creveld syndrome is rare, hereditary autosomal recessive, without no sex predilection. It is characterized by short-limbed dwarfism, bilateral postaxial hand polydactyl, chondrodysplasia of long bones and ectodermic dysplasia affecting fingernails and teeth. The knowledge of it is essential for early diagnosis and appropriate multidisciplinary management that allows a better quality of life for these patients.